medieval worlds • no. 19 • 2023
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
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DATUM, UNTERSCHRIFT / DATE, SIGNATURE
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medieval worlds • no. 19 • 2023, pp. 119-140, 2023/11/30
Starting from more general considerations on the nature and functioning of promissory oaths, this article seeks to shed light on the Christian contribution to the legitimate use of oaths since the Late Antique period. Taking oaths – contrary to Christ’s prohibition of swearing as formulated in the Sermon on the Mount – led to a qualification of oaths and to ecclesiastical punishment of perjury, while early medieval oath formulas show a remarkable legal diversification of the notion of fidelity. General oaths of fidelity enabled post-Roman kings to establish a special kind of legitimacy for their rule that addressed their subjects of Roman and barbarian origin alike. Focusing on individual commitment, enhancing religiously motivated devotion to a ruler, and linking loyalty to essential concepts of the Christian religion, the widespread use of these oaths introduced a change in political discourse that eventually led to the Carolingians addressing their subjects as the fideles Dei et regis, the »faithful of God and the king.«
Keywords: Oath, perjury, Christianity, fidelity, loyalty, Carolingian empire, military