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medieval worlds • no. 19 • 2023
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
A-1011 Wien, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2
Tel. +43-1-515 81/DW 3420, Fax +43-1-515 81/DW 3400 https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at, e-mail: verlag@oeaw.ac.at |
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DATUM, UNTERSCHRIFT / DATE, SIGNATURE
BANK AUSTRIA CREDITANSTALT, WIEN (IBAN AT04 1100 0006 2280 0100, BIC BKAUATWW), DEUTSCHE BANK MÜNCHEN (IBAN DE16 7007 0024 0238 8270 00, BIC DEUTDEDBMUC)
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medieval worlds • no. 19 • 2023, pp. 163-194, 2023/11/30
In the Languedoc of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, given the absence of a state or an uncontested sovereign authority in this southern part of the kingdom of France, oaths were instruments of power. They constituted the backbone of this society, with very specific modalities for taking them and for the contents of the commitments. In the last analysis, this sacramental act, very flexible in the formulation of its provisions, and based on faith, was far superior to homage in securing power relations. These southern oaths were widely practiced at all levels of aristocratic society, and even had an effect of standardization – creating a formal homology between great lords and petty castle lords (same words, same conditions). However, the oath was probably never free from the hint that it implied service. From the end of the twelfth century, some greater lords (e.g., the King of Aragon and the Count of Foix) asked one of their relatives to take the oath in their place, or promised to pledge their causimentum or their credentia in lieu of an oath. The texts preserved show the casuistry of situations when sworn commitments were not kept, but more often than not it was the actual balance of power that settled the conflicts.
Keywords: Oaths, aristocracy, Southern France, castles, feudalism, fiefs and vassals