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medieval worlds • no. 24 • 2026
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Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
A-1011 Wien, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2
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DATUM, UNTERSCHRIFT / DATE, SIGNATURE
BANK AUSTRIA CREDITANSTALT, WIEN (IBAN AT04 1100 0006 2280 0100, BIC BKAUATWW), DEUTSCHE BANK MÜNCHEN (IBAN DE16 7007 0024 0238 8270 00, BIC DEUTDEDBMUC)
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medieval worlds • no. 24 • 2026, pp. 108-128, 2026/07/01
This essay addresses some narrative strategies of the earliest Japanese texts (eighth century CE), which explain the origins and history of the ruling dynasty. I argue that these texts, which combine an annalistic style borrowed from China with what we now call »mythology«, employ a sophisticated, Janus-faced concept of foreignness. In the mythological episodes situated before the eventual establishment of the political order, both people and objects of foreign, continental origin are awarded exalted status by replacing the continent with »Heaven«. This strategy primarily serves to legitimize the rule of the ancestors of the Tennō Dynasty and its court, who are styled as the descendants of »heavenly deities«. Conversely, local leaders outside this ruling elite are associated with »Earth«, which implies a vernacular and »unruly « cultural tradition and thus a lower status. Foreigners who appear after the supposed (mythical) inception of Tennō rule, however, are no longer associated with heavenly origins but with concrete and often hostile neighboring countries. In this context, foreignness, though still associated with advanced culture, is depreciated in social value. By comparing key episodes from the annals with similar stories in local gazetteers, I argue that this double standard of foreignness was a novel feature of Japanese mythology that originated from narrative strategies in the context of early state formation.
Keywords: mythology, narratology, state-formation, foreignness, dualism of Heaven and Earth